Material and spiritual culture
Culture, in the broad sense of the word. is called the creative activity of man and society, aimed at creating material and spiritual values and its results. In this context, culture is a system of material and spiritual values created not by nature, but by the conscious work of the individual and society. In the narrow sense of the word, culture is the process of creative creation, in other words, the creation, popularization and storage of works of art. In our minds, culture is associated with the creative activity of composers, musicians and performers, writers and prose writers, actors, artists, sculptors. The range of creative activity is extremely wide and includes the organization of exhibitions, staging stage works, museum and library work, and others.They also differentiate between the culture of work, the culture of behavior, the culture of speech. The concept of "culture" is also linked to the names of various civilizations of the past (Margush culture, Parthian culture, Seljuk culture, etc.). All these concepts, in turn, are linked to an integral system of characteristic objects of material (paintings, sculptures, architectural monuments, books, mechanisms) and spiritual (traditions and rituals, cult beliefs, ideas, theories, hypotheses, representations) culture. As a result, there is a systematization of man-made physical objects and creative creation into objects of material and spiritual culture. These two directions develop in close interconnections, being the result of creatively directed physical efforts, creative skills, artistic abilities and internal experiences of the individual.
Material culture. Material culture unites artificially created objects. Objects of material culture contribute to the rapid and optimal adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the natural and social environment and improvement of the quality of life. Traditionally, such objects have a highly specialized functional focus, characterizing their value orientation. The sphere of material culture of each nation reflects the ethnic characteristics of its way of life and includes items of traditional clothing, weapons, home decoration, jewelry, crafts, national cuisine, and architectural objects. Modern science, using a broad methodological basis for a detailed study and analysis of artifacts that have survived to this day, despite the paucity of information preserved in written sources, is able to reconstruct the main features of the way of life of long-extinct peoples. An expanded study of material culture structurally reveals three main components in it. The first of these reflects the world of material objects (roads, buildings, structures, communications, mechanisms, devices, art objects and everyday life). Cultural progress is most noticeably manifested in the increase in the number of objects used in everyday life and the consistent complication of the technology of their manufacture. It is difficult to imagine the daily life and everyday life of a modern person without computers, televisions, cell phones and other complex electronic equipment. All of them form links in the modern communication system. Technologies act as the main means of production and exploitation of the products of the material world. Technologies, thus, become an element of the material world, being an example of the practical implementation of a theoretical concept. Technical culture is an integral part of material culture, as it combines the skills, abilities and creative inclinations of the individual. Culture, along with education, synthesizes these skills and abilities, ensuring the continuity of generations. Each stage of cultural progress is characterized by a proportional complication of technologies and the skills corresponding to them.
Spiritual culture. Unlike material culture, spiritual culture does not reflect material objects. The space of spiritual culture is connected with the world of feelings, experiences, creative inspiration, in other words, spiritual creation. Spiritual culture is a system of scientific knowledge, stable attitudes of moral, legal, intellectual, creative space. Other authors also attribute science and mass media to spiritual culture. Possessing the ability to integrate various principles and positions, spiritual culture consolidates positive aspirations and ideals of the individual and society into a single worldview. At the beginning of human civilization, myths acted as the spiritually guiding and consolidating force of society. Later, myths gave way to religion, philosophy and, to a certain extent, art. In this context, it would be permissible to talk about the culture of an individual who is the bearer of a specific amount of knowledge, certain moral attitudes, religious preferences, manners, skills, etc. Knowledge, values and projects are the main forms of manifestation of spiritual culture. Education is the result of cognition and intellectual comprehension of the surrounding reality by a person, the perception of objective realities by the individual. That is why the level and depth of education of an individual and society as a whole is recognized as one of the main indicators of its moral and cultural development. In other words, the more educated a person or society as a whole is, the higher its culture. Values are material and spiritual objects that focus on themselves exemplary guidelines for personal and social improvement. Projects are a carefully developed order of actions of an individual for the future. The process of developing projects directly depends on the internal mood of the individual, his conscious focus and will to creative creation and improvement of the surrounding reality, the most complete implementation of which is possible only on the basis of a detailed plan. In its development, the process of project implementation goes through two main stages: the actual design and the practical implementation of the original plan. Forming the basic foundation of spiritual culture, knowledge, values and projects project on themselves the fruits of spiritual and creative activity. aimed at creating a spiritual product. The spiritual product, along with objects of material culture, is also characterized by a specific functional content aimed at satisfying the urgent needs of people. For these purposes, the individual purposefully learns about the surrounding world, social structure and his own inner world, and the fruits of this knowledge lay the foundation for the formation of an integral system of spiritual guidelines for society. The result of the centuries, process was the formation of such institutions of spiritual culture as morality, politics, law, art, religion.
Bekmyrat Tagangulyýew,
Beki Seýtäkow adyndaky Mugallymçylyk mekdebiniň mugallymy.
